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	<title>Comments on: Is It Really A &#8220;National Emergency,&#8221; Mr. President?</title>
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	<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html</link>
	<description>Expressing Our Primal Genes for Lean Health, Vitality and Attractiveness</description>
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		<title>By: Richard Nikoley</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10254</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Nikoley</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2009 20:27:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10254</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;I think that the only sustainable communal systems are voluntary...&lt;/i&gt;

Me too. That&#039;s why I oppose the US Government (and every other government) in totality, from soup to nuts, in every way possible. It, as an institution of domination and force is wholly irredeemable.

But that&#039;s why we have it, because people don&#039;t value freedom and voluntarism as much as they value socialism and force-backed means of producing values they can access at no cost or less than they would pay if their only alternative was to pay themselves or organize cooperatives to pay.

And the parasites in government are only too happy to oblige, given the tens and hundreds of millions of baa baa sheeple subjects they still have singing their praises.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>I think that the only sustainable communal systems are voluntary&#8230;</i></p>
<p>Me too. That&#8217;s why I oppose the US Government (and every other government) in totality, from soup to nuts, in every way possible. It, as an institution of domination and force is wholly irredeemable.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s why we have it, because people don&#8217;t value freedom and voluntarism as much as they value socialism and force-backed means of producing values they can access at no cost or less than they would pay if their only alternative was to pay themselves or organize cooperatives to pay.</p>
<p>And the parasites in government are only too happy to oblige, given the tens and hundreds of millions of baa baa sheeple subjects they still have singing their praises.</p>
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		<title>By: Ross</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10226</link>
		<dc:creator>Ross</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 18:02:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10226</guid>
		<description>Richard wrote: Yea, so what in the hell are you doing defending a collective state that counts millions and billions as its subjects? How come you understand the health ramifications of ignoring a proper diet, but not of ignoring proper social interaction.

I do not defend the collective state.  I am pointing out that pre-agricultural humans historically lived in communal groups, which directly contradicts John Campbell&#039;s assertion &quot;That successful hunter would leave his mooching tribe so fast – he does not need them – they need him and his hunting success.&quot;. 

As an evolutionary implication of the social groups we lived in for the 2.5 million years before agriculture, we&#039;re adapted to cooperate in social groups, we have altruistic impulses, we would usually care for other people&#039;s children instead of seeing them as a threat, and arguments towards social responsibility ring true for most people.  The &quot;every man is an island&quot; experiment of the modern western world is as new as canola oil and should be treated with the same degree of skepticism.

Does this mean I support communist goals for the state?  No, I do not.  I think that the only sustainable communal systems are voluntary and communist states are inevitably also reach towards totalitarianism and central control.  I do try to build interdependent communities around me.  I&#039;m one of those weirdos who knows my neighbors and most of them only know each other because I organize block parties and set up a kid-watching co-op.  I&#039;m also on the board of the HOA and spend plenty of time making sure that the HOA mostly leaves people alone and lets people do what they want to their property as long as they aren&#039;t taking away from someone else (I encourage people break moronic HOA rules all the time).

I do defend Obama&#039;s children getting the vaccine at the same time as their peers, I also argue for the utility of vaccines in general and for the value of the H1N1 vaccine specifically to protect my pregnant wife.  But that&#039;s about as far as I go in defending Obama or any of his policies.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Richard wrote: Yea, so what in the hell are you doing defending a collective state that counts millions and billions as its subjects? How come you understand the health ramifications of ignoring a proper diet, but not of ignoring proper social interaction.</p>
<p>I do not defend the collective state.  I am pointing out that pre-agricultural humans historically lived in communal groups, which directly contradicts John Campbell&#8217;s assertion &#8220;That successful hunter would leave his mooching tribe so fast – he does not need them – they need him and his hunting success.&#8221;. </p>
<p>As an evolutionary implication of the social groups we lived in for the 2.5 million years before agriculture, we&#8217;re adapted to cooperate in social groups, we have altruistic impulses, we would usually care for other people&#8217;s children instead of seeing them as a threat, and arguments towards social responsibility ring true for most people.  The &#8220;every man is an island&#8221; experiment of the modern western world is as new as canola oil and should be treated with the same degree of skepticism.</p>
<p>Does this mean I support communist goals for the state?  No, I do not.  I think that the only sustainable communal systems are voluntary and communist states are inevitably also reach towards totalitarianism and central control.  I do try to build interdependent communities around me.  I&#8217;m one of those weirdos who knows my neighbors and most of them only know each other because I organize block parties and set up a kid-watching co-op.  I&#8217;m also on the board of the HOA and spend plenty of time making sure that the HOA mostly leaves people alone and lets people do what they want to their property as long as they aren&#8217;t taking away from someone else (I encourage people break moronic HOA rules all the time).</p>
<p>I do defend Obama&#8217;s children getting the vaccine at the same time as their peers, I also argue for the utility of vaccines in general and for the value of the H1N1 vaccine specifically to protect my pregnant wife.  But that&#8217;s about as far as I go in defending Obama or any of his policies.</p>
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		<title>By: Monica Hughes</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10213</link>
		<dc:creator>Monica Hughes</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 23:43:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10213</guid>
		<description>Ann,

You may find this report interesting.  I haven&#039;t followed up on the original research:  http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/09/23/flu-shots-h1n1-seasonal.html

Obviously, immunity is a whole lot more complex than whether you&#039;ve been vaccinated for something.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ann,</p>
<p>You may find this report interesting.  I haven&#8217;t followed up on the original research:  <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/09/23/flu-shots-h1n1-seasonal.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/09/23/flu-shots-h1n1-seasonal.html</a></p>
<p>Obviously, immunity is a whole lot more complex than whether you&#8217;ve been vaccinated for something.</p>
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		<title>By: Ann</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10212</link>
		<dc:creator>Ann</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 23:17:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10212</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m going to apologize up front for not having the studies to link to, maybe another reader bookmarked it in their travels?
But when I was doing research into vaccination for my daughter I came across 2 related studies that were key in determining whether or not I would continue to vaccinate my daughter.  The first one was a population study done in India on the incidence of hib in children in preparation for determining how much vaccines they would need to cover the region and to establish a disease baseline.   The researchers had trouble finding hib in these children despite the lack of sanitation &amp; crowded living conditions.  When tested many of the children responded with antibodies to the disease without ever having reported as actually having the disease.  

Second study was built off of the first.  In a lab they took rabbits and tested their blood for antibodies to different strains of hib, the rabbit&#039;s immune systems responded to all strains equally well (or nearly so).  Then they vaccinated half of them with a single strain hib vaccine and re-tested.  In the non-vaccinated group the results were the same (as expected) but the vaccinated group would only respond with antibodies to the strain of hib they had been vaccinated against.  When exposed to other strains of hib their immune system would not respond as before.  
This makes me wonder (not just about the hib vaccine) if it is something similar with the flu.  Perhaps exposure to the real flu in a non vaccinated person is generally protective of all cases of the flu, since the person is getting exposed to all components of the flu virus and anything that the virus &#039;makes&#039; while inside the host and uses ALL of these things to mount a very general immune response.  This is admittedly all conjecture at this point, obviously.   Perhaps getting vaccinated each year generally makes you less able to fight off other strains?  

I know this all sort of up-in-the-air but I&#039;m wondering if anybody else has any input on this?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m going to apologize up front for not having the studies to link to, maybe another reader bookmarked it in their travels?<br />
But when I was doing research into vaccination for my daughter I came across 2 related studies that were key in determining whether or not I would continue to vaccinate my daughter.  The first one was a population study done in India on the incidence of hib in children in preparation for determining how much vaccines they would need to cover the region and to establish a disease baseline.   The researchers had trouble finding hib in these children despite the lack of sanitation &amp; crowded living conditions.  When tested many of the children responded with antibodies to the disease without ever having reported as actually having the disease.  </p>
<p>Second study was built off of the first.  In a lab they took rabbits and tested their blood for antibodies to different strains of hib, the rabbit&#8217;s immune systems responded to all strains equally well (or nearly so).  Then they vaccinated half of them with a single strain hib vaccine and re-tested.  In the non-vaccinated group the results were the same (as expected) but the vaccinated group would only respond with antibodies to the strain of hib they had been vaccinated against.  When exposed to other strains of hib their immune system would not respond as before.<br />
This makes me wonder (not just about the hib vaccine) if it is something similar with the flu.  Perhaps exposure to the real flu in a non vaccinated person is generally protective of all cases of the flu, since the person is getting exposed to all components of the flu virus and anything that the virus &#8216;makes&#8217; while inside the host and uses ALL of these things to mount a very general immune response.  This is admittedly all conjecture at this point, obviously.   Perhaps getting vaccinated each year generally makes you less able to fight off other strains?  </p>
<p>I know this all sort of up-in-the-air but I&#8217;m wondering if anybody else has any input on this?</p>
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		<title>By: John Campbell</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10201</link>
		<dc:creator>John Campbell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 20:36:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10201</guid>
		<description>I understand Richard - it is a shame that food and medicine is mixed up with politics - we did not start this - they (government collectivists) did.

I am reminded of Fawlty Towers with the German tourists - please do not be offended - I am one quarter German myself.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfl6Lu3xQW0

Just trying to lighten up the discussion here...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I understand Richard &#8211; it is a shame that food and medicine is mixed up with politics &#8211; we did not start this &#8211; they (government collectivists) did.</p>
<p>I am reminded of Fawlty Towers with the German tourists &#8211; please do not be offended &#8211; I am one quarter German myself.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfl6Lu3xQW0" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfl6Lu3xQW0</a></p>
<p>Just trying to lighten up the discussion here&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: Ross</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10198</link>
		<dc:creator>Ross</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 19:46:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10198</guid>
		<description>Your wife was almost certainly tested for Hep B antigen.  As long as that test was done and came back negative, there is no reason for Hep B vaccination immediately following birth, though it&#039;s probably a good idea to get the first Hep B shot in the series before the first day care or group care environment.

Also, the ocular antibiotic gel is not necessary or helpful unless your wife failed the STD tests.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Your wife was almost certainly tested for Hep B antigen.  As long as that test was done and came back negative, there is no reason for Hep B vaccination immediately following birth, though it&#8217;s probably a good idea to get the first Hep B shot in the series before the first day care or group care environment.</p>
<p>Also, the ocular antibiotic gel is not necessary or helpful unless your wife failed the STD tests.</p>
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		<title>By: Mark</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10196</link>
		<dc:creator>Mark</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 19:31:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10196</guid>
		<description>It&#039;s  a reasonable interpretation, but I think it&#039;s a bit more complicated.  My read is that because, on average, viruses have a harder time staying alive in inoculated people, there is evolutionary pressure to become &quot;stickier&quot; in order to evade the antibodies that those people have.  Stickier viruses don&#039;t spread as much.  That&#039;s the benefit to the collective - less spreading.  Your interpretation is that the trade off is lowered immunity in the inoculated hosts.  However, there are two things that happen within inoculated hosts.  1) The virus becomes stickier (as I just mentioned) and 2) the hosts develop antibodies.  Your interpretation ignored #2.  The article just doesn&#039;t say whether the scientists found that the benefit that the inoculated mice enjoyed from having antibodies outweighed the detriment of having to deal with stickier virus.  Outside of the context of this particular experiment, the answer is that mice are more resistant to flu virus when vaccinated.  Indeed, successful animal models is one important bit of evidence in favor of the effectiveness of flu vaccines.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It&#8217;s  a reasonable interpretation, but I think it&#8217;s a bit more complicated.  My read is that because, on average, viruses have a harder time staying alive in inoculated people, there is evolutionary pressure to become &#8220;stickier&#8221; in order to evade the antibodies that those people have.  Stickier viruses don&#8217;t spread as much.  That&#8217;s the benefit to the collective &#8211; less spreading.  Your interpretation is that the trade off is lowered immunity in the inoculated hosts.  However, there are two things that happen within inoculated hosts.  1) The virus becomes stickier (as I just mentioned) and 2) the hosts develop antibodies.  Your interpretation ignored #2.  The article just doesn&#8217;t say whether the scientists found that the benefit that the inoculated mice enjoyed from having antibodies outweighed the detriment of having to deal with stickier virus.  Outside of the context of this particular experiment, the answer is that mice are more resistant to flu virus when vaccinated.  Indeed, successful animal models is one important bit of evidence in favor of the effectiveness of flu vaccines.</p>
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		<title>By: dave, RN</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10195</link>
		<dc:creator>dave, RN</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 19:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10195</guid>
		<description>Is everyone interpreting this like I am?

I ran across this article. Here&#039;s the link: http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091029/ap_on_he_me/us_med_flu_s_tricks;_ylt=AojsKyXvFHVhQprPbfye5gfgtY54

And here&#039;s the really pertinent part: the bold type is mine.

&quot;We&#039;re giving the virus more wiggle room, more evolutionary space, by having some naive individuals,&quot; explained lead researcher Dr. Jonathan Yewdell of NIH&#039;s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. To scientists, &quot;naive&quot; means the previously unexposed. (that is, not vaccinated - Dave)

Yewdell&#039;s team took an old strain of seasonal H1N1 flu that circulated decades ago and infected groups of mice. After each infection, they culled virus from mouse lungs and used that to infect more sets of mice. After nine such cycles, they checked the hemagglutinin gene for mutations. Unvaccinated mice had none. In vaccinated mice, the virus had mutated to become stickier — it changed the way it binds to cells to clamp on more tightly, which helps it evade an attack from immune cells called antibodies.

But that&#039;s a big trade off: A stickier virus doesn&#039;t spread as easily, Yewdell said.

Then the team took the new sticky mutant and infected more unvaccinated mice with it — and here&#039;s the surprise: The virus mutated back into a less sticky, easier-to-spread version. (and easier to naturally fight off - Dave)

That&#039;s why there are implications for people, because children who haven&#039;t yet caught or been vaccinated against many flu strains would offer a similar opportunity for mutation to easier-to-spread versions. (But easier to naturally fight off - Dave)

OK, so If I&#039;m reading this right, and I think I am, those who get vaccinated may not spread the flu as easily, but in those individuals the virus gets &quot;stickier&quot; and is thus more able to evade attacks from our own antibodies. Now, call me crazy, but I don&#039;t want to get an immunization that allows the virus to evade my own natural defenses. And if I do spread it, it&#039;s of a type that is more &quot;sticky&quot; and harder for the infected person to fight off. So it seems that by vaccinating everyone, we are creating viruses that, while harder to spread, if they do spread, are more difficult for the body to defend itself against! To me there is something wrong with that picture.



Are you interpreting this article that same way I am?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Is everyone interpreting this like I am?</p>
<p>I ran across this article. Here&#8217;s the link: <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091029/ap_on_he_me/us_med_flu_s_tricks;_ylt=AojsKyXvFHVhQprPbfye5gfgtY54" rel="nofollow">http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091029/ap_on_he_me/us_med_flu_s_tricks;_ylt=AojsKyXvFHVhQprPbfye5gfgtY54</a></p>
<p>And here&#8217;s the really pertinent part: the bold type is mine.</p>
<p>&#8220;We&#8217;re giving the virus more wiggle room, more evolutionary space, by having some naive individuals,&#8221; explained lead researcher Dr. Jonathan Yewdell of NIH&#8217;s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. To scientists, &#8220;naive&#8221; means the previously unexposed. (that is, not vaccinated &#8211; Dave)</p>
<p>Yewdell&#8217;s team took an old strain of seasonal H1N1 flu that circulated decades ago and infected groups of mice. After each infection, they culled virus from mouse lungs and used that to infect more sets of mice. After nine such cycles, they checked the hemagglutinin gene for mutations. Unvaccinated mice had none. In vaccinated mice, the virus had mutated to become stickier — it changed the way it binds to cells to clamp on more tightly, which helps it evade an attack from immune cells called antibodies.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s a big trade off: A stickier virus doesn&#8217;t spread as easily, Yewdell said.</p>
<p>Then the team took the new sticky mutant and infected more unvaccinated mice with it — and here&#8217;s the surprise: The virus mutated back into a less sticky, easier-to-spread version. (and easier to naturally fight off &#8211; Dave)</p>
<p>That&#8217;s why there are implications for people, because children who haven&#8217;t yet caught or been vaccinated against many flu strains would offer a similar opportunity for mutation to easier-to-spread versions. (But easier to naturally fight off &#8211; Dave)</p>
<p>OK, so If I&#8217;m reading this right, and I think I am, those who get vaccinated may not spread the flu as easily, but in those individuals the virus gets &#8220;stickier&#8221; and is thus more able to evade attacks from our own antibodies. Now, call me crazy, but I don&#8217;t want to get an immunization that allows the virus to evade my own natural defenses. And if I do spread it, it&#8217;s of a type that is more &#8220;sticky&#8221; and harder for the infected person to fight off. So it seems that by vaccinating everyone, we are creating viruses that, while harder to spread, if they do spread, are more difficult for the body to defend itself against! To me there is something wrong with that picture.</p>
<p>Are you interpreting this article that same way I am?</p>
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		<title>By: Richard Nikoley</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10194</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Nikoley</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 18:56:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10194</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;When groups got large (above about 100 people), it becomes impossible for everyone to know everyone else and social enforcement of the communal contract was guaranteed to break down. Long before that point, hunter-gatherer groups would split up into more than one group.&lt;/i&gt;

Yea, so what in the hell are you doing defending a collective state that counts millions and billions as its subjects? How come you understand the health ramifications of ignoring a proper diet, but not of ignoring proper social interaction.

At least I&#039;m consistent. I have written many times that we evolved to account for the values and actions of about 30 people or so. And, everyone had a real feeling of being integral to the group, valuable, and even persuasive if need be.

Contrast that to getting your 1 in 200 millionth say in your own affairs at the ballot box (something I haven&#039;t participated in in over a decade, and never, ever will).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>When groups got large (above about 100 people), it becomes impossible for everyone to know everyone else and social enforcement of the communal contract was guaranteed to break down. Long before that point, hunter-gatherer groups would split up into more than one group.</i></p>
<p>Yea, so what in the hell are you doing defending a collective state that counts millions and billions as its subjects? How come you understand the health ramifications of ignoring a proper diet, but not of ignoring proper social interaction.</p>
<p>At least I&#8217;m consistent. I have written many times that we evolved to account for the values and actions of about 30 people or so. And, everyone had a real feeling of being integral to the group, valuable, and even persuasive if need be.</p>
<p>Contrast that to getting your 1 in 200 millionth say in your own affairs at the ballot box (something I haven&#8217;t participated in in over a decade, and never, ever will).</p>
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		<title>By: Ross</title>
		<link>http://freetheanimal.com/2009/10/is-it-really-a-national-emergency-mr-president.html#comment-10193</link>
		<dc:creator>Ross</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 18:28:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://freetheanimal.com/?p=3136#comment-10193</guid>
		<description>Actually, almost all hunter-gatherer groups were not just &quot;socialist&quot; but completely communal.  If someone wasn&#039;t putting in their fair share of hunting or failing to carry their weight while traveling, it was a serious issue that was resolved by public shaming  and more severe penalties up to death or exile (which in more severe weather meant death unless they could find another group).  The results of hunting were willingly given up so that you could rest when the next hunt went out and still eat from their returns or so that multiple hunting groups could go out and if anyone did well, everyone could still eat well.

When groups got large (above about 100 people), it becomes impossible for everyone to know everyone else and social enforcement of the communal contract was guaranteed to break down.  Long before that point, hunter-gatherer groups would split up into more than one group. 

The situation where the tribal elders would take away your kill at the point of a spear simply never came up.  If you were a part of the tribe, you shared with the tribe.  The alternative is that you weren&#039;t a part of the tribe.  Your scenario is as inconceivable as a father taking away his child&#039;s gathered blackberries at the point of a gun (family is the modern remaining communal social group).

 It took fixed-location resources (agriculture) before larger communities and the social issues they create became practical.  It&#039;s at this point the possibility of a hunter trading his kill for milk or other resources and all of the risks that occur when such a person enters into commerce with groups that may have dedicated security/military.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Actually, almost all hunter-gatherer groups were not just &#8220;socialist&#8221; but completely communal.  If someone wasn&#8217;t putting in their fair share of hunting or failing to carry their weight while traveling, it was a serious issue that was resolved by public shaming  and more severe penalties up to death or exile (which in more severe weather meant death unless they could find another group).  The results of hunting were willingly given up so that you could rest when the next hunt went out and still eat from their returns or so that multiple hunting groups could go out and if anyone did well, everyone could still eat well.</p>
<p>When groups got large (above about 100 people), it becomes impossible for everyone to know everyone else and social enforcement of the communal contract was guaranteed to break down.  Long before that point, hunter-gatherer groups would split up into more than one group. </p>
<p>The situation where the tribal elders would take away your kill at the point of a spear simply never came up.  If you were a part of the tribe, you shared with the tribe.  The alternative is that you weren&#8217;t a part of the tribe.  Your scenario is as inconceivable as a father taking away his child&#8217;s gathered blackberries at the point of a gun (family is the modern remaining communal social group).</p>
<p> It took fixed-location resources (agriculture) before larger communities and the social issues they create became practical.  It&#8217;s at this point the possibility of a hunter trading his kill for milk or other resources and all of the risks that occur when such a person enters into commerce with groups that may have dedicated security/military.</p>
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